Direct Marketing in International Markets Assignment - 1

Direct Marketing in International Markets - Assignment Example Here the basic characteristics of international direct marketing have also been discussed which include being flexible, meeting the customer needs, focused attention on greater convenience, also overall increased overall customer benefits (Krafft & Hesse, 2007). Also, the views of the marketing Guru Seth Gobin have also been included on the differences between mass marketing and direct marketing. Here a clear differentiation brings out one of the basic yet most important points, i.e. mass marketing is similar to a machine gun which reaches a number of customers, however the overall effectiveness is not certain until the end, while direct marketing are similar to hand guns which will result in a definite kill, i.e. conversion (Greenslade, 2009). The common aspect of the two methods is that both are equally tried and tested methods that companies adopt (Greenslade, 2009). The paper has also identified that the major issues in the consumer perspective is the lack of privacy and constant , annoying direct call marketing. Here it has also been found that several telecom companies have implemented the ‘Do not disturb’ list to allow customers from getting unwanted calls (Jobber, 2009). Apart from these several laws have also been developed to help customers overcome the issue. Introduction: Among the various different means of making contact with customer, direct marketing is one of the direct channels. This paper aims at discussing about direct marketing in an international sense. The paper will also discuss the characteristics of direct marketing and will include a detailed comparison of direct marketing and mass marketing approach (Kotler, Kotler on Marketing: How to Create, Win, and Dominate Markets , 1999).

Project on Cement Essay Example for Free

Project on Cement Essay Any accomplishment requires the effort of many people and this work is no different. I especially thank Mr. R.K.Gupta; Director of Cii CITMS, whose support and patience was instrumental in accomplishing this project. I would like to thank our Faculty Guide Miss.Pubali Koley whose diligent effort made this project possible. My grateful acknowledgement to all the staff member of Ultra tech Cement limited for their support and cooperation. At last again I want to extent my thanks to all the teachers of Cii CITMS – Durgapur for giving support and confidence for doing this project. [pic] This ambitious project at ULTRATECH CEMENT under the project title â€Å"ADVERTISING AND PROMOTIONAL STRATEGY† has been carried out under the able guidance of company institutional experts. The vision or the objective of this project was to identify the Advertising needs. As the growth is a continuous process, so it is also very much important to find out the corners or the areas where the scope for the development is present. The effectiveness of the Advertising was also under the scan during this period where it is observed that the effective Advertising can effectively maximize sales volume revenue. This Advertising process is also effective to manage the planned sales strategy. The Advertising process at WEST BENGAL CEMENT WORKS is judiciously planned Divided into four parts. This practical project helped a lot to get the knowledge from all the avenues of the Marketing Management it is also perceived that it will help the company time to time in its growth process. Introduction T he function of Advertising is to close the gap between the desire performance and the actual job performance. The need for quality Advertising program is on the increase due to the fact that the highly competitive business environment is throwing up new and complex challenges, literally every day. New and complex services are coming into existence, thereby pushing up the need for high- quality Advertising program. Due to the slowdown in the economy, many jobs are coming into existence, many jobs cuts are taking place leading to a situation where works must retain themselves to stay employed in the same organization or to complete in the market place. [pic] †¢ To identify importance of Advertising in the organization. †¢ To identify the specific Advertising area. †¢ To identify the effectiveness of different types of advertising. †¢ To identify the best methods and techniques for advertising. †¢ The development of Advertising and sales promotion schemes to meet desired goals of organization. ââ€"   Increase in sales volume ââ€"   Maximize profit ââ€"   Developed sales promotion schemes [pic] ↠ Because of busy schedule of the employees the interview was quite tough after a quite of waiting time. ↠ Most of the executives were too busy, thus to obtain the desired accurate data there was a need to take the prior appointment from them. ↠ 50% of the sample size were not giving the correct feedback (due to varied hidden reason), thus there will be variance in the outcome of the study. ↠ Most of the employees were not confident about the proper management (misuse) of the information provided by them. ↠ They were also often reluctant in identifying the needed information. [pic] TITLE: â€Å"Advertising promotional strategy† at West Bengal Cement† Works.† Research methodology is the method through which the project has been done. This includes various sources of collecting data. TARGET GROUP: The target group for the survey was Managers, Officers, Supervisors and of â€Å"ULTRA TECH CEMENT LIMITED† and press releases. SAMPLE SIZE: Out of 38 employees, 35 were taken as a sample for the survey QUESTIONNAIRE The company is having small number of staff. So, the questionnaire was made mainly for Managers, Officers and Supervisors. Some specific questions have been prepared relating to the topic and have been analyzed in such a way that it can fulfill the objective of the project. FORMAL INTERVIEW: Formal interview has been taken during the non peak office hour. [pic] [pic] UltraTech [pic] OUR VISION TO BE PREMIUM GLOBAL CONGLOMERATE WITH A CLEAR FOCUS ON EACH BUSINESS OUR MISSION TO DELIVER SUPERIOR VALUE TO OUR CUSTOMER SHAREHOLDERS, EMPLOYEES AND SOCIETY AT LARGE OUR VALUES INTEGRITY, COMMITEMENT, PASSION SEAMLESSNESS AND SPEED UltraTech [pic] West Bengal Cement Works OUR RESOLUTIONS – 2009 †¢ ‘ZERO’ BREAK DOWN †¢ GOOD HOUSE KEEPING †¢ TRUST AND SUPPORT R.B.SINGH Sr.dy.general manager COMPANY PROFILE Company Name:UltraTech Cement Limited (An Aditya Birla group of company) Industry : Cement manufacturing Type of Company: Public Limited Company Unit Name Address:West Bengal Cement Works Near EPIP, MUCHIPARA, G.T. ROAD Post-Rajbandh Durgapur-713212 District- Burdwan West Bengal Registered Office : UltraTech Cement Limited B- Wing, Ahura centre, 2nd floor Mahakali Caves Road Andheri (east), Mumbai-400093 Board of Executives †¢ Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla, Chairman †¢ Mrs. Rajashree Birla †¢ Mr. R. C. Bhargava †¢ Mr. G. M. Dave †¢ Mr. N. J. Jhaveri †¢ Mr. S. B. Mathur †¢ Mr. V. T. Moorthy †¢ Mr. O. P. Puranmalka †¢ Mr. S. Rajgopal †¢ Mr. D. D. Rathi †¢ Mr. S. Misra, Managing Director Board of Directors Executive President Chief Financial Officer Mr. K. C. Birla Chief Manufacturing Officer R.K. Shah Chief Marketing Officer Mr. O. P. Puranmalka Company Secretary Mr. S. K. Chatterjee AT THE HELM ULTRATECH The Aditya Birla Management Corporation Private Limited is the Groups apex decision making body and provides strategic direction to Group companies. Its Board of Directors comprises: †¢ Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla, Chairman †¢ Mr. S. Aga †¢ Mr. D. Bhattacharya †¢ Mr. S. K. Jain †¢ Dr. S. Misra †¢ Mr. S. Misra †¢ Dr. B. K. Singh †¢ Mr. K. K. Maheshwari †¢ Mr. Vikram Rao †¢ Mr. Ajay Srinivasan MILESTONES [pic] 2009 †¢ Grasims pulp and fibre division has won the highly prestigious Asian CSR Award. The Asian CSR Awards, Asias Premier CSR Awards program, is a project of the Asian Institute of Management, Manila. †¢ The Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare, Government of Thailand will be conferred â€Å"The Best Labor Relations and Welfare Award, 2009† on Indo Thai Synthetic Company Limited. †¢ Birla Sun Life Mutual Fund has been named The Asset Management Company of the Year, India, by the Hong Kong based magazine, The Asset, in the country awards category of their Triple an Investment Performance Awards 2009. †¢ CNBC TV18 Crisil recognized Birla Sun Life Mutual Fund as The Mutual Fund House of the Year in 2008 and 2009 (for 2007 and 2008), creating history as the only fund house to have won this recognition in two consecutive years. †¢ The Birla Sun Life Equity-Linked FMP won the Best Local Currency Structured Product-India at Triple an Investment Performance Awards 2009. †¢ The Best Onshore Fund House India Award by Asian Investor, a Hong Kong based magazine at Asian Investor Investment Performance Awards 2009†. †¢ Rajiv Gandhi Award for Eminence in Social Field, 2009 was conferred on Mrs. Rajashree Birla by Mr. Jyotiraditya Scandia (Union Minister of State, Commerce Industry) on 19 August 2009. The award recognizes Mrs. Birlas path breaking work among the poor, more so in Indias villages, carried out through the Aditya Birla Centre for Community Initiatives and Rural Development. †¢ Idea Cellular wins the Economic Times Emerging Company of the Year Award for 2009. MILESTONES [pic] 2008 †¢ The President of India, Mrs. Pratibha Patil conferred the much coveted Rotary International Polio Eradication Champion Award on Mrs. Rajashree Birla in an elegant function at the Rashtrapati Bhavan (Delhi), attended by the Chairman, select Rotarians and WHO officials. †¢ The Aditya Birla Group was honored with the India Today Groups Readers Digest Gold award in recognition of the work that truly exemplifies the highest values of society as well as those of Readers Digest. The award was received by Mrs. Rajashree Birla, Chairperson, and Aditya Birla Center for Community Initiatives and Rural Development, at the Pegasus Corporate Social Responsibility Awards 2007 function. MILESTONES [pic] 2007 †¢ Hindalco in a joint venture with Alex USA Inc. Tran Works Information Services announces success of bid to acquire Minacs Worldwide. †¢ Grasim Industries Limited, India; Thai Rayon Public Company Limited, Thailand and P.T. Indo Bharat Rayon, Indonesia form a JV with Hubei Jingo Wei Chemical Fibre Company, China, for VSF. †¢ Hindalco awarded the Genentech Safety Silver Award for its outstanding safety performance during 2005-06 †¢ Hindalco awarded the CII Sorabji Green Business Centre National Award for Excellence in Water Management 2007. [pic] 2006 †¢ Indian Rayon re-christened as Aditya Birla Novo. †¢ Aditya Birla Group to set up a world-class aluminum project in Orissa. †¢ The Aditya Birla Group signs a framework agreement to acquire St Anne Nackawic Pulp Mill, Canada. †¢ Board reconstituted with Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla taking over as Chairman. †¢ Completion of the implementation process to demerge the cement business of LT and completion of open offer by Grasim, with the latter acquiring controlling stake in the newly formed company UltraTech. †¢ Grasim, Nada, received the FICCI Annual Award 2003-2004 in recognition of corporate initiative in rural development. MILESTONES [pic] 2005 †¢ Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla, Chairman of the Group, is selected as Business Indias Businessman of the Year 2003. †¢ Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla is selected as The Economic Times Business Leader of the year. †¢ The Group is ranked 16th in Indias first ever survey of Great places to work in, published in Business World magazine. The Groups joint venture concern, Birla Sun Life Insurance, is ranked 9th in the same study. †¢ The Group is ranked 20th in a study on the Best Employers in India, conducted by Hewitt Associates and Business Today. †¢ Hindalco receives the Asian CSR Award for its Rural Poverty Alleviation Program. LOCATION OF W.B.C.W IN WEST BENGAL [pic] Organizational environment West Bengal Cement Works has rail road connectivity to meet inward outward logistics requirements. The private railway siding is connected to main line of eastern railway at Durgapur, which is 8.72 KM from plant. The cement is packed in bags with the help of three packers operating round the clock. The packed cement is dispatched to various destinations by road rail. Organization Culture ⠝â€" Purpose: To produce the cement as per marketing requirement with minimum cost. ⠝â€" Objective: Zero breakdown, Good Housekeeping, building trust support. ⠝â€" West Bengal Cement Works is having following facilities: âž ¢ Clinker unloading by wagon tippler (cap. 15 trips per hour) âž ¢ Fly ash bowers unloading system âž ¢ Cement mill with 1.0 million ton per annum capacity âž ¢ Cement dispatch facility by road rail âž ¢ Clinker, Gypsum fly ash receipt by rail road respectively Land Details: o Factory:61.67 Acres o 16 flat residential complex:10202.4 Esq. o Assisted siding:2830 M. o Private assisted siding:2210 M. WHY DURGAPUR? West Bengal Cement Works (WBCW) is the 10th cement manufacturing unit of Ultra Tech Cement Limited, Which is located at Durgapur. ⠝â€" RAW MATERIALS Clinker : Hirmi Cement Works Fly Ash : Bakreswar Thermal Power Station Durgapur Project Limited (DPL) Gypsum : Hindi Liver Chemicals, Haldia Slag : Durgapur Steel Plant (DPL) Bokaro Steel Plant POWER : GPL, DVC TRANSPORT : North Eastern Railway, National Highway-2 WATER : River Damodar MARKET : Local Growth of City development LAND : 62.92 acres of good land for Construction. CAPITAL : Huge number of Bank for getting easy Cash MANPOWER : Available amount of skilled and Unskilled Labors from local area DEMOCRACY : Good demographic structure is found Here CEMENT PROCESS GYPSUM from Yard Gypsum hopper Electronic weigh feeder SLAG from Yard Slag hopper FLUASH from Bin Supplied SCHENK For accurate quantity CLINKER from Silo Slag hopper to Mill SEPAX SEPARATION CEMENT PACKING PLANT PRODUCT MIXESPacking in 50 kg bag with electronic packer loading in truck or rack PORTLAND POZZALANA CEMENT CLINKER : 70-74% FLYASH : 20-25% FLYASH : 3-4% PORTLAND SLAG CEMENT CLINKER : 50-54% SLAG : 40-42% GYPSUM : 3-5% Plant Layout [pic] A Partial View of West Bengal Cement Works [pic] [pic] ON [pic] [pic] ââ€" ¡ Advertising is the dissemination of information by non personal means through paid media, where the source is clearly identified as the sponsoring organization. Advertising is one of the important components of the promotion mix. It is a powerful communication medium and a vital marketing tool. FEATURES: ââ€" ¡ Advertising is one of the methods of promotion mix. ââ€" ¡ It is a paid mass communication, not aiming at a specific individual. ââ€" ¡ It is salesmanship in writing or printed salesmanship. ââ€" ¡ It is undertaken to influence the buying behavior of the customers. ââ€" ¡ The communication media are diverse such as print (newspapers and magazines), broadcast (radio and television), and direct (mail, billboards and motion pictures). `NATURE OF ADVERTISING ↠ Element of Marketing Mix ↠ Promotion Mix ↠ Mass Communication ↠ Massages ↠ Price of Advertising ↠ Sponsor ↠ Persuasive ↠ Element of Control ↠ Identifiable ↠ Target Group SCOPE OF ADVERTISING ↠ Effectiveness of Massages ↠ Appropriate Media ↠ Merchandise ↠ Advertising Functions ↠ Responsibility of Advertiser ↠ Fulfillment of Objectives ↠ Generates Various Activities ↠ Advertising as an Art Science PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF ADVERTISING: âž ¢ To increase sales âž ¢ Persuading dealers to stock âž ¢ Assisting dealers to stock âž ¢ Increase in per capita use âž ¢ Recognition for quality âž ¢ Protecting manufacturers’ interest âž ¢ To eliminate seasonal fluctuations âž ¢ Creation of demand SECONDARY FUNCTIONS OF ADVERTISING: âž ¢ Oral support to salesman âž ¢ To furnish correct information âž ¢ Ensures product improvement âž ¢ Sense of security âž ¢ Appointment of efficient employees †¢ The scope of Advertising includes these activities such as selection of media, communication with customers, and maintenance of brand loyalty and so on. Advertising Objectives: ââ€" ª Simulating Demand : âÅ"“ The current user of a product may be persuaded to increase the existing rate of product consumption. This may be reminding them about the product, its brand and the possible advantages of the product. âÅ"“ The second way of stimulating demand for the product is to attract new user into the market by telling them the qualities of the product and possible uses so that they may change their brand. âÅ"“ The third way of stimulating demand is to tell the current users about new users of the product so that customers may use the company’s product for several other purposes. ââ€" ª Increasing profits âÅ"“ Advertising does increase sale of the product. âÅ"“ Advertising will reduce various ‘marketing costs’ Specific objectives of Advertising: âÅ"“ It introduces new product to potential customers. âÅ"“ âÅ"“ It promotes the brand by repeat purchase leading to brand loyalty. âÅ"“ It increases the timing and number of uses. âÅ"“ It builds the product and company image. âÅ"“ It sets the trend by changing perception and behavior. âÅ"“ It aids sales promotion campaign. âÅ"“ It shoots up the sale and increases the market share. âÅ"“ It answers the competitive attacks. Reminder advertising: †¢ Reminding them where to buy it. †¢ Maintaining its top of mind awareness. ââ€" ª Information Advertising : âÅ"“ Informing the market about a new product âÅ"“ Suggesting new uses for a product. âÅ"“ Informing the market of a price change. âÅ"“ Explaining how the products work. âÅ"“ Describing the available services. âÅ"“ Correcting the false information’s. âÅ"“ Reducing consumers fears. âÅ"“ Building up a company’s image. ââ€" ª Persuasive advertising : âÅ"“ Building brand preference. âÅ"“ Encouraging switching to your brand. âÅ"“ Persuading customer to purchase now. âÅ"“ Persuading customer to receive a sales call. Advertising Goals: âÅ"“ To increases sales âÅ"“ To establish brand equity, and âÅ"“ To enter the target market. Behavioral goals: âÅ"“ Advertising goals aim at changing the attitude and behavior of the target audience towards a brand. âÅ"“ Advertising goals in behavioral terms is analysis of the communication and decision process that will affect the desired buyer behavior. âÅ"“ Advertising could be aimed at any of these or a communication of these intervening variables. Communication Related goals: âÅ"“ Advertising is directed at a group of users of product called the target audience. âÅ"“ Attract attention âÅ"“ Secure interest. âÅ"“ Build desire for the product and finally âÅ"“ Obtain action. Approaches for setting Advertising Objectives: ââ€" ª AIDAS model âÅ"“ A’ refers to Attention âÅ"“ ‘I’ refers to Interest âÅ"“ ‘D’ refers to Desire âÅ"“ ‘A’ refers to action; and âÅ"“ ‘S’ refers to Satisfaction ADVERTISING COPY ELEMENTS âž ¢ Headlines âž ¢ Subheading âž ¢ Body copy âž ¢ Captions âž ¢ Blurb or balloon âž ¢ Boxes and panels âž ¢ Slogan, Logo, Signature GUIDELINES FOR COPY WRITING âž ¢ Cash in on your personal experience âž ¢ Write from the heart âž ¢ Learn from the experience of others âž ¢ Study the product âž ¢ Study competitors’ advertisement âž ¢ Study testimonials from customers âž ¢ Solve the prospect’s problem âž ¢ Put your subconscious mind to work âž ¢ â€Å"Ring the changes† on a successful idea COLOUR ↠ Colors are often used to attract attention and to enhance memory value. ADVERTISING LAYOUT PROCESS [pic][pic] VARIOUS ADVERTISING MEDIA ââ€" ¡ PRINT MEDIA: âž ¢ Newspapers âž ¢ Magazines âž ¢ Journals ââ€" ¡ OUTDOOR MEDIA: âž ¢ Advertising Boards âž ¢ Vehicle advertising âž ¢ Electric displays âž ¢ Sky writing âž ¢ Sandwich men ââ€" ¡ DIRECT MAIL: âž ¢ Leaflets âž ¢ Sales letters âž ¢ Folders âž ¢ Booklets âž ¢ Catalogues âž ¢ Brouchers ââ€" ª BROADCASTING MEDIA: âž ¢ Radio âž ¢ T.V âž ¢ Film âž ¢ Web based advertising [pic] AN OVERVIEW S ales promotion includes all those activities other than advertising, personal selling, public relation and publicity, that are intended to stimulate customer demand and improve the marketing performance of sellers. Need of sales promotion: ââ€" ª To secure attention towards new products. ââ€" ª To improve the market share of a company. ââ€" ª To avoid duplication of goods. ââ€" ª To create awareness among consumers about new brands. ââ€" ª To face competition in the market. ââ€" ª To create talking points for their sales force. SALES PROMOTION TOOLS ââ€" ª Contest ââ€" ª Premium offers ââ€" ª Mail – in free offers ââ€" ª Free gifts with goods ââ€" ª Picture cards ââ€" ª Gift coupons ââ€" ª Coupons ââ€" ª Cross coupons ââ€" ª Jumbo packs ââ€" ª Money – off offers ââ€" ª Sales letters SALES PROMOTION STRATEGY [pic] ADVERTISING SALES PROMOTION STRATEGY TAKEN BY ULTRATECH CEMENT LIMITED ADITYA BIRLA GROUP AT A GLANCE o The roots of the Aditya Birla Group date back to the 19th century in the picturesque town of Pilani set amidst the Rajasthan desert. It was here that Seth Shiv Narayan Birla started trading in cotton, laying the foundation for the House of Birlas. Through Indias arduous times of the 1850s, the Birla business expanded rapidly. In the early part of the 20th century, our Groups founding father, Ghanshyamdas Birla, set up industries in critical sectors such as textiles and fibre, aluminums, cement and chemicals. As a close confidante of Mahatma Gandhi, he played an active role in the Indian freedom struggle. He represented India at the first and second round-table conference in London, along with Gandhiji. It was at Birla House in Delhi that the luminaries of the Indian freedom struggle often met to plot the downfall of the British Raj. Aditya Vikram Birla: putting India on the world map |[pic] | | | A formidable force in Indian industry, Mr. Aditya Birla dared to dream of setting up a global business empire at the age of 24. He was the first to put Indian business on the world map, as far back as 1969, long before globalization became a buzzword in India. In the then vibrant and free market South East Asian countries, he ventured to set up world-class production bases. He had foreseen the winds of change and staked the future of his business on a competitive, free market driven economy order. He put Indian business on the globe, 22 years before economic liberalization was formally introduced by the former Prime Minister, Mr. Narasimha Rao and the former Union Finance Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh. He set up 19 companies outside India, in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Egypt. [pic] Quality push: Mr. B. Venugopal, Senior Vice-President, UltraTech Cement Ltd, at the inauguration of mobile concrete laboratory in Durgapur. UltraTech Cement, as part of its ‘product plus’ services, has introduced a mobile concrete testing laboratory for ascertaining the quality of reinforcement materials and for guiding those building houses about its quality. ULTRATECH: BRAND POWER Excerpts from an interview with O.P. Puranmalka, Group Executive President, Grasim Industries and Chief Marketing Officer, UltraTech Cement Ltd. |[pic] | | | In step with its global agenda, the cement business of the Aditya Birla Group, is orchestrating a contemporary brand makeover. With UltraTech Cement, the Aditya Birla Group has established itself as not only the most respected domestic player but also among the global leaders in cement. Associate Editor Vidyut Kumar Ta in an exclusive interview with O.P. Puranmalka, Group Executive President, Grasim Industries and Chief Marketing Officer, UltraTech Cement Limited, analyses the strategy behind promoting a single brand identity of the companys cement products. Signature line [pic] The name UltraTech with the signature line, The Engineers Choice, admirably captures the premium nature of the brand and its salience. According to Mr. Puranmalka, excellent product quality and customer care will remain the hallmark of UltraTech cement. Jaan Wahi Pehchaan Nayi [pic] K eeping pace with the current industry trend and taking the UltraTech brand to a new pedestal, the group decided to have one national brand. Birla Plus with its very strong presence in the North was a very well known brand. Its tag line Har Nirman Ki Jaan and Is cement mein Jaan Hain had become household phrases. Observes Mr. Puranmalka: We opted for UltraTech as the national brand because while on the one hand, it gives us the opportunity to strengthen common attributes of a premium brand, scale of operations and the Aditya Birla Groups reputation, it also provides an opportunity to build on the positioning platform of expert and imagery signifying progress, cutting edge technology and modernity. Strategy A lthough cement is said to be a low-involvement category, the brand awareness in this category is very high. Major brands like ACC, Ambuja and some strong regional brands have been fighting for mind space. Says Mr. Puranmalka: Brand awareness is the category driver. We wanted to be different and were constantly on the look out for high visibility media. We found that cricket has a great following in our country and we wanted to explore the possibility of associating with this sport. CHAK – DE STRATEGY [pic] I ndia, the worlds largest producer of movies in as many as 10-12 different languages, provides a great opportunity for advertisers to reach the masses. Films are a great entertainment platform for most Indians. Many FMCGs have encased this opportunity. The in-film branding opportunity was used by UltraTech for the first time ever in the cement industry. The film Chak De India, promoting womens hockey in India, became an all-time hit. In the movie UltraTech was the sponsor of the Indian womens hockey team. UltraTech branding was all over, throughout the movie. It was a big gamble we took,  says Mr. Puranmalka. Initially we were skeptical, with many big banners with big stars failing in the recent past. After a lot of deliberation, we decided to go ahead with this gamble and finally Chak De India almost became like a national anthem, with India winning the womens hockey title in reality and our cricket team winning the inaugural 20-20 World Cup. BRANDED CHANNELS S urging ahead of competition, the cement business brought in a new concept in cement marketing — UltraTech Building Solutions, a one-stop shop for all construction needs. This is a unique concept and was tested in Rajkot which is one of the fastest-growing cities in construction in the country today, says Mr. Puranmalka. Advocating our Plan, Build and Support philosophy, it seeks to enhance the shopping experience of customers and strengthen existing trade partnerships, by upgrading the service proposition. It offers a wide spectrum of end-to-end home building solutions, high quality construction materials and allied value-added services. As a business model, UltraTech Building Solutions offers home building solutions from planning to completion. B asically, every customer who walks in to UltraTech Building Solutions outlet receives guidance on construction-related issues as well as value-added services like Vastu, usage of budget software to estimate costs involved for construction, paper clearance procedures, etc. The customer gets a ready reckoner of information on how to choose and buy quality construction materials. With the Rajkot success and with key learning points, the company intends to open many more outlets across the country. Measuring Effectiveness O nce the goals are well defined we need to measure the effectiveness of all such initiatives that are undertaken from time to time, says Mr.  Puranmalka. We are research-savvy in our approach. We go into minute details to find out the cause and effect, keeping the larger picture in mind. This is true right from the selection of the brand name UltraTech to ad campaign testing, media effectiveness and so on. Regular Brand Health Monitoring studies are undertaken to understand various critical issues like awareness, usage pattern, equity indices, psycho-economic mix of the target group (TG), etc. Mr. Puranmalka adds: Recently we initiated and completed a customer satisfaction survey to understand the expectations of customers and benchmark with the best in the industry. Of course there are some insights, which we need to address internally, but overall we are happy with the outcome. The results are very encouraging and you would be glad to know we are steering ahead of competition. Rajasthan Royals ropes in UltraTech as team sponsor: ⠝â€" Rajasthan Royals has roped in UltraTech Cement as their team sponsor. With this, the Emerging Media-owned IPL franchises sponsor roster stands at eight. ⠝â€" Rajasthan Royals CMO Raghu Iyer, All deals are intended to be long-term. Our earlier team sponsor was Bajaj Allianz but we agreed to mutually part ways amicably. ⠝â€" UltraTech Cement will have branding on the team jerseys and team-replica merchandise. Iyer added that plans are being worked upon as to how the two parties can best take this relationship forward. ⠝â€" As had been reported earlier by Indiantelevision.com, TCS is the franchisees technology partner. TCS will offer expertise in IT solutions to the T20 cricket team on and off the field for the next three years. The Television Plan: âž ¢ The franchisee is planning activities with Super sport which will air the IPL in South Africa. Rajasthan Royals had earlier entered into a strategic  partnership with the Nashua Cape Cobras. The first match will be played on 11 April. In the days preceding the encounter, there will be special features in the form of player profiles and interviews. âž ¢ In India the franchises partners are Aaj Tak and Times Now. The plan is to offer them special footage and capsules. Ayer added that the franchisee is in talks with several broadcasters to air their DVD. Victory will be aired on the channel. âž ¢ Rajasthan Royals claims that it is witnessing good sales of the two DVDs that it has launched earlier. While Road to Victory is about how the team triumphed in the IPLs inaugural edition, Access All Areas aims to give fans an idea of what goes on behind-the-scenes to make the IPL a success. [pic] The prime purpose of the project is to identify Advertising and sales promotion strategies of ULTRA TECH CEMENT LIMITED. The ingredient for a successful analysis is a structured questionnaire, for the better construction of analysis of the data generated from the questionnaire. The following step by step analysis is a proportionate mix of good high quality and dire views. 1. How ‘advertising’ is effective to increase the sales volume? Always: 65% To great extent: 25% To some extent: 10% To very little extent: 0.0 Not at all: 0.0 [pic] Remark: As there is no magic for success and to increase sales volume and profit, Advertising is the only key. 2. How ‘advertising’ is effective to stimulate demand for the product? Always: 60% To great extent: 25% To some extent: 15% To very little extent: 0.0 Not at all: 0.0 [pic] Remark: Without advertising its’ very complex to stimulate demand for product. 3. DO you feel that ‘Advertising’ will reduce various ‘marketing costs’? Always: 55% To great extent: 35% To some extent: 10% To very little extent: 0.0 Not at all: 0.0 [pic] Remark: Advertising is so effective to reduce various marketing costs. 4. Do you feel that ‘Advertising’ increases repeat purchasing? Always: 70% To great extent: 20% To some extent: 5% To very little extent: 5% Not at all: 0.0 [pic] Remark: Maximum no. of customer accepts that advertising increase repeat purchasing. 5. Do you feel that ‘Advertising’ informing the market about a new product? Always: 85% To great extent: 10% To some extent: 5% To very little extent: 0.0 Not at all: 0.0 [pic] Remark: Advertising is highly effective to inform the market about new product. 6. Is ‘Advertising’ act as building up a company’s image? Always: 68% To great extent: 23% To some extent: 5% To very little extent: 4% Not at all: 0.0 [pic] Remark: Advertising is a successive method to build up company’s image. 7. How ‘Advertising’ is helpful method for market positioning? Always: 52% To great extent: 25% To some extent: 10% To very little extent: 7% Not at all: 6% [pic] Remark: Advertising is quite impressive method for market positioning. 8. How ‘Sales Promotion’ effectual to improve the market share of a company? Always: 55% To great extent: 20% To some extent: 15% To very little extent: 10% Not at all: 0.0 [pic] Remark: Sales promotion is effective policy to improve the market share of a company according to people. 9. How ‘sales promotion’ work to face competition in the market? Always: 70% To great extent: 20% To some extent: 10% To very little extent: 0.0 Not at all: 0.0 [pic] Remark: Sales promotion used as effective tool to face competition in the market. 10. Do you feel that ‘Sales Promotion’ should attract the attention of the target audience? Always: 75% To great extent: 20% To some extent: 5% To very little extent: 0.0 Not at all: 0.0 [pic] Remark: Sales promotion should attract the attention of the target audience to purchase particular product. ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS Most advertiser try to measure the communication effect of an AD – that is, its potential effect on awareness, knowledge, or preference. They would also like to measure the AD’S sales effect. ââ€" ª The consumer feedback method asks consumers questions such as these: 1) What is the main message you get from this AD? 2) How likely is it that this AD will influence you to undertake the action? 3) What works well in the AD what works poorly? 4) How does the AD make you feel? 5) Where is the best place to reach you with this message? ââ€" ª Portfolio tests ask consumers to view or listen to a portfolio of advertisements. Recall level indicates an ad’s ability to stand out and to have its message understood and remembered. ââ€" ª Laboratory tests use equipment to measure physiological reactions – heartbeat, blood pressure, pupil dilation, galvanic skin response, perspiration – to an ad. SALES EFFECT RESEARCH What sales are generated by an ad that increases brand awareness by 20% and brand preference by 10%? The fewer or more controllable other factors such as features and price are, the easier it is measure advertising’s effect on sales. The sales impact is easiest to measure in direct marketing situations and hardest in brand or corporate image – building advertising. Companies are generally interested in finding out whether they are overspending on advertising. Researchers try to measure the sales impact through analyzing historical or experimental data. [pic] SALES PROMOTION EFFECTIVENESS [pic] O nce the goals are well defined we need to measure the effectiveness of all such initiatives that are undertaken from time to time, says Mr. Puranmalka. We are research-savvy in our approach. We go into minute details to find out the cause and effect, keeping the larger picture in mind. This is true right from the selection of the brand name UltraTech to ad campaign testing, media effectiveness and so on. Regular Brand Health Monitoring studies are undertaken to understand various critical issues like awareness, usage pattern, equity indices, psycho-economic mix of the target group (TG), etc. Mr. Puranmalka adds: Recently we initiated and completed a customer satisfaction survey to understand the expectations of customers and benchmark with the best in the industry. Of course there are some insights, which we need to address internally, but overall we are happy with the outcome. The results are very encouraging and you would be glad to know we are steering ahead of competition. [pic] The improvement in sales profit is the evident for an organization. So requirement of advertising and promotional schemes is tremendous. ↠ The structure of a persuasive message can influence the effectiveness of advertising. ↠ Customers influenced by message appeals like comparative, fear and humor appeals. ↠ The designs of advertisement impress customers. Design means the arrangement of various parts in a pre determined order say a blue print. ↠ Advertising media should be elected carefully. Media reduces gap between customer and manufacturer. ↠ Sales promotion schemes lead to increase of sales. [pic] ↠ It has been observed during the course of questionnaire survey that 56% interviews suggested improvement of advertising and sales promotion techniques. Management is being advised to improve inefficiencies such as: âž ¢ Advertising message should be meaningful. âž ¢ Avoid unethical advertisings. âž ¢ Reduce use of women as sex objects in Ads. âž ¢ Banned on alcohol tobacco ad. âž ¢ Reduce using of false claims info. âž ¢ Careful about social values consumer rights. ↠ These are some initial steps which improve advertising efficiency. Efficient advertising and sales promotion schemes increase profit of organization. So, it helpful to meet organization goals. [pic] †¢ PHILIP KOTLER, Marketing Management †¢ Monthly Magazine issued by company †¢ Mr.B.Devamaindhan, Advertising management and Sales promotion †¢ Web based information CONCLUSION †¢ Design good layout and message of advertising to make it effective. †¢ Organize sales promotion programs to increase sales volume and repeat purchase. †¢ Care about ethical issues and social values. †¢ Provide quality service to the customers. †¢ Use reliable schemes to promote consumers. A FINANCIAL REPORT ON ULTRATECH CEMENT LIMITED Cash Flow statement of UltraTech Cement Limited |Profit before tax |1,361.46 |1,507.01 |1,166.19 |285.59 |43.24 | |Net cash flow-operating activity|1,457.57 |1,375.26 |1,113.09 |551.63 |337.42 | |Net cash used in investing |-1,645.43 |-1,441.79 |-1,046.25 |-357.24 |-87.18 | |activity | | | | | | |Net cash used in fin. Activity |191.66 |77.63 |-38.84 |-191.02 |-235.81 | |Net inc/dec in cash and |3.80 |11.10 |27.99 |3.37 |14.43 | |equivalent | | | | | | |Cash and equivalent begin of |100.69 |89.59 |61.60 |58.23 |41.83 | |year | | | | | | |Cash and equivalent end of year |104.49, |100.69, |89.59, |61.60 |56.6 | Dividend Sheet of UltraTech Cement YEARMONTH DIVIDEND (%) |2009 |Apr | | | | |50 | |2008 |Apr | | | | |50 | |2007 |Mar | | | | |40 | |2006 |Jul | | | | |18 | |2005 |Apr | | | | |8 | |2004 |Sep | 5 | Annual results in brief – UltraTech Cement Limited |   |Mar 09 |Mar 08 |Mar 07 |Mar 06 |Mar 05 | |Sales |6,436.96 |5,509.22 |4,910.83 |3,299.45 | | | | | | | |2,681.05 | |Operating profit |1,760.29 |1,720.06 |1,417.81 |554.26 |272.81 | |Interest |125.51 |75.67 |86.83 |89.64 | | | | | | | |106.88 | |Gross profit |1,684.46 |1,744.24 |1,392.44 |501.62, | | | | | | | |188.18 | |EPS (Rs) |78.48 |80.94 |62.84 |18.46 |0.23 | Profit loss account |   |Mar 09 |Mar 08 |Mar 07 |Mar 06 |Mar 05 | |Income | | | | | | |Operating income |6,385.50 |5,512.43 |4,909.05 |3,299.45 |2,681.05 | |Expenses | | | | | | |Material consumed |1,193.97 |1,008.92 |902.06 |733.72 |609.13 | |Manufacturing expenses   |1,805.56 |1,314.78 |1,194.54 |958.30 |839.40 | |Personnel expenses |216.76 |171.55 |117.22 |92.26 |72.96 | |Selling expenses |1,256.46 |1,143.02 |1,137.66 |843.99 |650.98 | |Administrative expenses |177.93 |160.03 |133.93 |109.57 |137.36 | |Expenses capitalized |-8.38 |-13.37 |- |- |- | |Cost of sales |4,642.30 |3,784.93 |3,485.41 |2,737.84 |2,309.83 | |Operating profit |1,743.20 |1,727.50 |1,423.64 |561.61 |371.22 | |Other recurring income |99.29 |87.31 |57.65 |23.11 |21.70 | |Adjusted PBDIT |1,842.49 |1,814.81 |1,481.29 |584.72 |392.92 | |Financial expenses |134.09 |81.93 |92.61 |96.99 |128.05 | |Depreciation   |323.00 |237.23 |226.25 |216.03 |221.78 | |Other write offs |- |- |- |- |- | |Adjusted PBT |1,385.40 |1,495.65 |1,16 2.43 |271.70 |43.09 | |Tax charges |384.44 |499.40 |383.91 |55.83 |-36.45 | |Adjusted PAT |1,000.96 |996.25 |778.52 |215.87 |79.54 | |Non recurring items |-23.94 |11.36 |3.76 |1.48 |-77.24 | |Other non cash adjustments |- |- |- |12.41 |0.55 | |Reported net profit |977.02 |1,007.61 |782.28 |229.76 |2.85 | |Earning before appropriation |2,575.14 |1,782.77 |962.85 |239.87 |20.77 | |Equity dividend |62.24 |62.24 |49.79 |21.79 |9.33 | |Preference dividend |- |- |- |- |- | |Dividend tax |10.58 |10.58 |6.98 |3.06 |1.33 | |Retained earnings |2,502.32 |1,709.95 |906.08 |215.02 |10.11 | SUBSTANCE: Observing this financial report we say the company is in good condition financially. The gross profit of this company was 188.18 in Mar 05’ and it increased 1496.28 in Mar 09’. We find a steady growth of UltraTech cement limited in six year. Company’s dividend jump 5 – 50 in six year only (2004 – 2009). Net profit was 2.85 in Mar 05’ and 977.02 in Mar 09’. Advertising expenses of UltraTech cement limited jump 605.48 point in six years (04 – 05). Advertising expenses of this company increases cause of advertising formulation strategy being changed. Company wants to capture potential market by good advertising and sales promotion activities. [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] PCS SILO1 PCS SILO2 BALL MILL Step 1 THUMBNAIL SKETCHES STEP 2 ROUGH STEP 3 COMPREHENSIVE STEP 4 PASTE UP OR MECHANICAL DEFINING THE SALES PROMOTION TARGET SETTING SALES PROMOTION OBJECTIVES SETTING THE SALESPROMOTION BUDGET DEVELOPING THE SALES PROMOTION STRATEGY SELECTING TYPE OF SALES PROMOTION COORDINATING THE PLAN EVALUATING SALES PROMOTION EFFECTIVENESS SHARE OF MARKET SHARE OF MIND AND HEART SHARE OF VOICE SHARE OF EXPENDITURES

Cultural Globalization: Advantages and Disadvantages

Cultural Globalization: Advantages and Disadvantages February 14th is an important day for lovers. When this day most people will buy roses and chocolates give to the person they like. We called this day Valentines Day. Valentines Day is from Europe. However, China also has a festival like Valentines Day that is Double Seven Festival. Double Seven Festival is a Chinese traditional festival, in this day most of the girls would go to pray to get a better love. Nowadays most Chinese people do not know what need to do now. This situation tells us the traditional culture is losing. With the reform and opening up in China, lots of new cultures crowed into China. These cultures get into China, a lot of Chinese are interested in these new cultures. Because of this, Chinese culture with the world is getting more and more closed. Nowadays, most Chinese teenagers forget what we should do, when we are in some traditional festival. The major reason of this problem is technology, such as television, internet and transport. Maybe we will lose our traditional culture in the future. So we must to know some advantages and disadvantages of globalization and which thing can affect our culture. To be honest, we do not want to lose our traditional culture. So there are some ways to save our culture. In this ways, we may make the world know more about our culture and learn it. So protect and spread our culture is what teenagers like us should do. Background Information As we know, there are 56 ethnic groups in China; China has a large number of cultures. The Hui nationality is major one of this. Islam from the middle Tang dynasty was introduced into China, by Song dynasty to Ming and Qing dynasties; it has a history of more than 1300 years. By some research that more than 2000 cities and counties in our country, more than 95% of the Hui nationality lived. Hui clothing apparel and han the same generally, men with white hat, women wear a white hat and hair all packaged in it. Now most of the Hui nationality only when hui festival wearing like this. Another one is Miao nationality. Since 1949, Miao has been an official term for one of the 55 official minority groups recognized by the government of the Peoples Republic of China. Miao main living in the south of China, in the province of Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and other places. According to the 2000 Population Census, the number of Miao in China is estimated that there are about 9.6 million. The Miao nationality includes Hmong people as same as other culturally and phonetically related ethnic groups who do not call themselves Hmong. These consist of the Hmu, Kho (Qho) Xiong, and A Hmao. The White Miao (Bai Miao) and Green Miao (Qing Miao) are Hmong groups. Nowadays, some young Hmong people do not speak Hmong or only know a little Hmong. Because of this, we know that our culture is losing. The major reason of this problem is globalization. With the rapid development of science and technology, globalization has not only to promote the development of our economy but also changed our culture. However, the impact of globalization on traditional Chinese culture not only disadvantage but also advantage. Disadvantages of Globalization There are three main aspects in the impact of globalization on culture. One is demise of the traditional festivals, than is limit our cultural innovation another one is control cultural autonomy. This problem can make our losing our culture. These problems can make the loss of our traditional culture so we must pay more attention to this problem. First of all, demise of the traditional festivals is the major effect. In the process of globalization, with the expansion of the cultural exchange and spread of western culture is like the flood into China. However, the reality tells us that as the western festival culture was introduced into China, more and more Chinese people have a special liking to those foreign festivals, and some traditional festivals of Chinas national culture are possible, even forgotten. Such as Double Seven Festival and Valentines Day is similar but many Chinese people know how to do in Valentines Day, do not know to do in Double Seven Festival. Because of this blind obedience and discomfort, which leads to the process of globalization, the traditional festival in the Chinese culture is facing great danger, and even some traditional festivals towards a decline. Next is limiting our cultural innovation. In the process of globalization, we in the production of a large number of advanced high-end technologies imported from abroad. But too much reliance on foreign science and technology, we will actively introduce embodied in, and less on their work in the digestion and absorption. Such as, too many products we just copy this not to learn its specific principles. So we just followed the footsteps of other countries did not go beyond those. These are reflected in the process of globalization, the culture shows lack of innovation. Another one is controlling of cultural autonomy. The process of cultural globalization will inevitably lead to world culture full range of conflict in the world field , occupy a leading global cultural transmission performance for the US-led Western culture in the position of the dominant culture. This situation makes the Chinese people pay more attention to the Western festivals. If this situation continues, we will not have our own traditional festivals. So we need pay more attention for our traditional culture. Advantages of Globalization As we all know, globalization is a double-edged sword. It not only to brought some of the threats and challenges, but also brought us a number of development opportunities. There are two benefits of globalization, one is strengthened, and it attaches great importance to the government for culture. Another one is show the world the Chinese traditional culture. So these two things can accelerate the development of our country. Improving the governments emphasis on culture is a main benefit of globalization. The process of reform and opening up, Chinese government issued a series of measures in national cultural preservation and development, through the cultural legislation, protection system and policy, cultural management, and other means, effectively resist the globalization to culture risk, for example, from central to local government departments, actively take advantage of our unique national culture to declare world cultural heritage. In legislation, the Chinese government has Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn festival, Qingming traditional festival of the national legal holidays. And as Beijing Beijing folk culture rescue project spend large sum of money; Sing big cultural province construction in Hebei province. Nanjing has a history of 2,500 years, held in April 2004, the worlds historical and cultural city of Expo. These are reflected from the side, the government began to pay attention to Chinas national culture. At same time, show Chinese traditional cultures to the world are another point. China as an Oriental ancient civilization with a history of 5000 years, appears to have been in the west is a full of mysterious place. Since the Marco Polo mind has been popular in Europe, Westerners have been the Chinese national culture has a great interest. With the ever-accelerating process of globalization, foreign exchange and dissemination of Chinese culture rapidly. For example, China has been established in many countries in the world Confucius institutes, the world set off a wave of Chinese hot already. More and more foreigners are attracted to Chinas national culture unique charm. This shows also happens to be that the more national, the world, the harmonious thought of ancient Chinese Confucian culture, to solve the conflict of international relations at present stage, also has a great significance. Many Chinese classical philosophies contain simple dialectics thoughts, and in comparison, wes tern philosophy also showed unique charm. In the process of globalization, through international exchanges and interaction of culture, Chinas national culture has on the world stage showed a dazzling brilliance! Conclusion The Chinese nation has a long history of 5,000 years, the culture of grandeur to the development of human culture in the east, and even the whole world widely profound influence, this is enough to worth us forever proud. However, we want to know, the Chinese culture is one of the world culture is very important and extremely characteristic of strengths of Chinese and western culture. We have a lot more than western things, there are also many less than western. Under the international background of the globalization, the development of our national culture is facing the severe test, and full of new opportunities. All in all, it is necessary for us to grasp the cultural globalization, in the spirit of courage to open both absorb useful to Chinese national culture essence of western culture, and emphasize the inner spirit of national culture value, make the national culture and foreign culture blend in the new development opportunity, realize the modernization of Chinese national cultu re.

The Usefulness of Methods in Language Teaching Essay -- Education, Tea

Introduction: Recently a big debate has been aroused on the issue of teaching methods and their usefulness to the actual practice in classroom. Some writers start to claim that methods are dead and are no longer considered in the teaching/learning process such as Brown(2002) . Whereas some others like Bell (2007) think that method still play a vital role in the teaching learning process. This essay will examine both views with relation to my own experience as a teacher and teacher trainer. First I will give a summary of both points of view then will review the usefulness of methods in relation to my profession and context. Summary of the two points of views: Brown (2002) claims the death of methods signaling the post-method era where there is no place for formulas in the second language teaching. Basing his literature in the linguists' findings about the failure of methods to solve the learning/teaching problems. The main attack over the methods is that: Methods are too prescriptive, they are 'laden with interested knowledge' and they can't be empirically proved to work in real classroom. He goes towards the Principles Approach to language teaching with its twelve principles and the three stages of the 'crafted process' of diagnosis, treatment and assessment' to match the different contexts and situations. However, the fact of the uselessness of methods seem to be just in the theoretical phase of it, and as a debate among the linguists according to Bell (2005). David Bells conducted a survey study to measure the extent to which methods are/are not considered in practice in classrooms as an attempt to investigate Block's claim that "Whereas the notion of method no longer plays a significant role in the thinking of applied... ...ot depart from the books they were typed in. How can I - as a teacher- develop certain 'unknown' techniques based on unclear principles? Approaches are always ambiguous specially to the less trained or experienced teachers Richards & Rodgers (2001). We as teachers will always need prescribed methods, not to follow rigidly, but to have more choices. It is always a fact that "there is never was and probably never will be a method for all" Nunan(1991 :228). And there are always " aspects of all methods which might usefully be incorporated into one's classroom practice"( Ibid:248). Conclusion: To conclude, Though methods do not give one-one solution to the problems of teaching and learning, they always give us a rich source of solutions to adapt, modify and develop in our own contexts. We may not be able to claim their death, neither now, nor in the near future.

Financial Prospectus Content Paper Essay

Prepare the first seven components of your venture’s Financial Prospectus. The Financial Prospectus must include the information you provided in the individual assignments from Week One and Two, revised as necessary based on material covered in subsequent workshops and organized with new material added as necessary. Post your assignment as a Microsoft ® Word attachment in APA format. Every freshman should understand and realize that the freshman 15 does in fact exist. It is important that everyone take the necessary steps to ensure that they are getting proper nutrition during their first year in college. While it might be tempting to pile on some fries for dinner every night, you’ll pay for it in the long run. This work comprises FIN 375 Week 4 Financial Prospectus Content Paper Business – General Business Individual Financial Prospectus Content Paper Resources: Final Prospectus Expectations Prepare the first seven components of your venture’s Financial Prospectus. The Financial Prospectus must include the information you provided in the individual assignments from Week One and Two, revised as necessary based on material covered in subsequent workshops and organized with new material  added as necessary. Post your assignment as a Microsoft ® Word attachment in APA format. Every freshman should understand and realize that the freshman 15 does in fact exist. It is important that everyone take the necessary steps to ensure that they are getting proper nutrition during their first year in college. While it might be tempting to pile on some fries for dinner every night, you’ll pay for it in th†¦ A+ tutorial you will find here – https://bitly.com/1wySU49 Every freshman should understand and realize that the freshman 15 does in fact exist. It is important that everyone take the necessary steps to ensure that they are getting proper nutrition during their first year in college. While it might be tempting to pile on some fries for dinner every night, you’ll pay for it in the long run. Business – General Business Individual Financial Prospectus Content Paper Resources: Final Prospectus Expectations Prepare the first seven components of your venture’s Financial Prospectus. The Financial Prospectus must include the information you provided in the individual assignments from Week One and Two, revised as necessary based on material covered in subsequent workshops and organized with new material added as necessary. Post your assignment as a Microsoft ® Word attachment in APA format.

Micro Lan Unknown Bacteria Salmonella Essays

Micro Lan Unknown Bacteria Salmonella Essays Micro Lan Unknown Bacteria Salmonella Essay Micro Lan Unknown Bacteria Salmonella Essay Title: â€Å"Identification of Unknown #1† Purpose:Discovering and studying new bacteria can lead to new innovations and possible cures for existing or future diseases. The investigation of bacteria can also help incubate ourselves or act quickly in response to an invasive strain. The commercial food industry has a great need in identifying Salmonella to prevent disease in consumers. As well as being the cause of enteric (typhoid) fever, an important infectious disease, Salmonella is perhaps best known as a cause of bacterial food poisoning. Although typhoid fever has been largely eradicated in the developed world, Salmonella food poisoning has long been, and continues to be, an important global public health problem. In much of Europe and North America, Campylobacter is now the most frequent cause of foodborne human infections, but Salmonella remains a very important and widespread pathogen. It is a major cause of concern for the food industry, where its control is vital for products ranging from cooked meats to chocolate and from fresh produce to peanut butter. Given the long history of foodborne salmonellosis, it is not surprising that the need for microbiological testing of food ingredients and food products is very significant. A substantial number of methods, both traditional and rapid, have been developed over the years for the detection and identification of Salmonella. Salmonella, a small, gram-negative bacillus, are relatively resistant to stomach acids. Feces of patients that have symptoms of food poisoning or typhoid fever are cultured for Salmonella. Often, the preliminary diagnosis is first suggested by recognition of an outbreak (multiple patients having symptoms of a disease all at about the same time and often from the same food or water source). Again, many organisms and toxins can cause food poisoning, so it is sometimes difficult to determine the outbreaks cause. Usually, the laboratory needs to be notified that S. spp. is suspected as the cause so they will choose the correct testing media (selective agar media such as SS agar plates) to distinguish Salmonella from other potential bacterial pathogens such as E. oli, Shigella strains, Staphylococcus food poisoning, or from toxins like botulism or pesticides. The majority of Salmonella isolates come from the feces of the infected person. Occasionally, Salmonella can be cultured from blood samples. Serovars are identified by serotyping (detecting bacterial proteins by using specific immunological tests). Definitive diagnosis usually requires that the bacteria be isolated and identified by these techniques. PCR tests also have been used to distinguish between bacterial strains. Treatment for food poisoning is controversial. Some doctors recommend no antibiotics since the disease is self-limited, while others suggest using antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin for 10-14 days. Some medical investigators believe antibiotics prolong the carrier state. However, patients identified as immunosuppressed should receive antibiotics; they may need to be hospitalized and have some of their care managed by an infectious disease consultant. Supportive therapy for both enteritis and enteric fevers consists mainly of preventing dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities (for example, abnormal levels of potassium and sodium ions) with fluids containing electrolytes (for example, IV fluids or oral fluids like sports drinks). Materials and Methods:See attached Results and Observations: See attached Conclusion:I am fairly confident that my unknown, number 1, is Salmonella typhimureum. All results from the vast experiments performed, with the exception of the Voges-Prosekauer during the MR-VP test, which may have been read incorrectly when I thought that the indicating result was red/brown in color, pointed me in the direction of the detection of this particular bacterium out of the fifteen possible organisms. I knew that the Methyl Red portion of the MR-VP confirmed that the pH was less than or equal to 4 making this quite an alkaline agent, and reconfirmed alkalinity with the final experiment with the use of the litmus milk broth turning blue. The Gram negative stain and rod shape eliminated six of the possibilities. The SIM (Sulfur Motility and Indole) testing proved that the organism was motile, was a gas producer, did not produce indole, and Triple Sugar Iron-Agar Slant produced a black butt and red slant indicating glucose fermentation and confirmed sulfur gas production, leaving only Proteus vulgaris as another possible outcome. Casein, gelatin, and urease testing were needed to conclude my results, as only P. vulgaris would be found to ossess the enzymes casease, gelatinase, and urease, which, none of those were found in my unknown organism. Both of the two organisms were negative to hydrolyze starch, and neither can metabolize oxygen. Most infections with Salmonella are traced back to dairy, poultry and meat products, but Salmonella can grow on just about any food. Chickens and eggs are particular high risk foods. Proper storage with the use of cool temperatures in a refrigerator, proper handling including cooking t emperatures that are hot enough to kill the bacteria are vital to prevent the disease.

Acanthamoba keratitis and contact lens solutions Essays

Acanthamoba keratitis and contact lens solutions Essays Acanthamoba keratitis and contact lens solutions Essay Acanthamoba keratitis and contact lens solutions Essay 1 General debut 1.1 Acanthamoeba 1.1.3 Overview of Acanthamoeba Acanthamoeba is free- life protozoons and found all over the environment. The first appraisal that Acanthamoeba could do disease in worlds was registered in 1958 during polio vaccinum appeared with plaques stemmed from the formation of both triphozoite and cyst in cell civilizations and identified to genus Acanthamoeba ( Culbertson, Smith et Al. 1958 ) . Inoculation of tissue civilization fluid led to the decease of mice and monkeys from phrenitis gave an proclamation to Acanthamoeba as agents of human diseases ( Culbertson, Smith et Al. 1959 ) . Acanthamoeba are the major cause for Granulomatous Acanthamoeba Encephalitis ( GAE ) in immunocomprimised people, particularly those with AIDS and Acanthamoba keratitis is associated with contact lenses wearers ( Culbertson, Smith et Al. 1958 ; Culbertson, Ensminger et Al. 1966 ; Cohen, Buchanan et Al. 1985 ) . Recently, research workers have shown an increased involvement in the relationship between Acanthamoba keratitis and contact lens so lutions because of the increasing incidence of the disease. Present interventions are ill effectual against the cystic phases of the parasite in Acanthamoeba Keratitis and let residuary infection wheares is no effectual antimicrobic intervention for Granulomatous Acanthamoeba Encephalitis. The demand for new and effectual disinfectants is pressing. In this literature reappraisal, the undermentioned facets will be covered ; The life rhythm of Acanthamoeba, Classification of Acanthamoeba, Biology and epidemiology of Acanthamoeba including the distribution and morphology of Acanthamoeba and the shikimate tract which happened in Acanthamoeba, The pathogens of Acanthamoeba ssp.and so in subdivision 2 the Acanthamoba keratitis will be discussed in inside informations with some of the of import and old surveies done with the contact lens and contact lens bactericidal trials. 1.1.4 The life rhythm of Acanthamoeba The life rhythm of the Acanthamoeba is simple and has merely two phases trophozoites ( an active phase ) and cysts ( a resistant phase ) as shown in ( Fig.1 ) . Under inauspicious fortunes trophozoites can transform into cysts for illustration ; dehydration, alteration in temperature, nutrient want and pH ( Bowers and Korn 1969 ; Chagla and Griffiths 1974 ; Byers, Akins et Al. 1980 ; Marciano-Cabral and Cabral 2003 ) . The cystic opposition phases of the parasite necessarily lead to poorer intervention efficaciousness. The parasite infection in the late phase frequently leads to cornea harm where corneal organ transplant is required. The staying cysts after intervention set off in infection of a corneal organ transplant ( Seal 2003 ) . 1.1.3 Categorization of Acanthamoeba In Castellani research, he described the presence of an ameba in Cryptococcus pararoseus civilizations and was placed in genus Acanthamoeba ( Castellani 1930 ) . From ( Fig.2 ) the Acanthamoeba is placed under Acanthamoebidae household. 1.1.4 Biology and epidemiology of Acanthamoeba 1.1.4.1 The distribution of Acanthamoeba The Acanthamoeba species became positive of the world-wide distribution as seen from the original isolation of the Acanthamoeba strain as shown in table 1. 1.1.4.2 The morphology of Acanthamoeba The negatron microscope was used in the survey of the cellular organisation of the Acanthamoeba ( Bowers and Korn 1968 ; Arbors and Korn 1969 ; Gonzalez-Robles, Flores-Langarica et Al. 2001 ) . The higher eukaryote typical cell organs were found in Acanthamoeba trophozoites as Golgi composite, smooth and unsmooth Reticulum, free ribosomes, digestive vacuoles, chondriosomes and microtubules with the presence of acanthopodia, which is a spinous surface projection, can place the genus degree. The cyst has a furrow two-base hit walled and consists of an ectocyst and an endocyst with variable sizes sing to species ( Bowers and Korn 1969 ) . In 19995, Mzur and his co-workers proved the viability of Acanthamoeba to widen 24 old ages after storage in H2O at 4 A ; deg ; C. 1.1.4.3 The shikimate tract The shikimate tract is an attractive mark for weedkillers and antimicrobic agents usually absent in mammals. In fact the shikimate tract is found in bacteriums, Fungis and workss. The tract consequences in the production of chorismate. ( Roberts, Roberts et al. 1998 ) reviewed the literature from the tract and found grounds for the shikimate tract to be present in protozoon ( figure.3 ) . Seven catalyse enzymes involved to bring forth chorismate. In their reappraisal of the shikimate tract, ( Roberts, Roberts et al. 2002 ) place the synthesis of aromatic amino acid tryptophan, coenzyme Q, vitamin Ks, phenylalanine and tyrosine, from the chorismate depends on five enzymes. Within systematic groups, the molecular organisation of the shikimate tract enzymes differs ( Coggins, Duncan et Al. 1987 ) . Monofunctional polypeptides encoded by separate cistrons in procaryotes every bit good as workss with two exclusions of dehydrogenase and shikimate dehydrogenase are present as bifunctional proteins. Polypeptide proteins are known as AROM has spheres similar to bacterial enzymes. Glyphosate inhibited 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate 3- phosphate synthesis activity might potentially be used to halt the production of chorismate, coenzyme Q, vitamin Bc and aromatic amino acids in Acanthamoeba. It is deserving bearing in head that the shikimate tract is an first-class mark for new antimicrobic agents. 1.1.8 The pathogens of Acanthamoeba ssp. 1.1.8.1 Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis ( GAE ) The Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis is uncommon CNS infections and majorly occur in immunocomprimised patients ( Culbertson, Smith et Al. 1958 ; Culbertson, Ensminger et Al. 1966 ; Cohen, Buchanan et Al. 1985 ) . Several species of Acanthamoeba are involved with Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis and the scientists are non intirely certain about the incubation period of the Acanthamoeba infections. 1.1.5.2 Cutaneous Acanthamebiasis Skin lesions caused by Acanthamoeba are most common associated in patients with AIDS ( Casper, Basset et Al. 1999 ) . Cutanoes acanthabiasis has been reported more frequently in HIV positive patients than in other instances ( Hunt, Reed et al. 1995 ; Torno, Babapour et Al. 2000 ) . 1.1.5.3 Amoebic Keratitis This is the interested subject for the undertaking, all the inside informations found in subdivision 2. 2 Acanthamoeba Keratitis The first sight endangering corneal disease registered as Acanthamoeba Keratitis in Great Britiain was by ( Naginton, Watson et Al. 1974 ) , and in United States by ( Jones, Visvesvara et Al. 1975 ) . Acanthamoeba Keratitis can be caused either by A.castellanii, A. polyphyga, A. hatchetti, A.culbertsoni, A.rhysodes, A.griffini, A.quina and A. lugdunesis ( Moore, McCulley et Al. 1985 ; Moore and McCulley 1989 ; Bacon, Frazer et Al. 1993 ; Schaumberg, Snow et al. 1998 ) . Microbial keratitis is the most terrible and common ( Melia, Islam et Al. 2008 ) may ensue in loss vision normally in soft lens users. It is caused by klebsiella infection and Pseudomonas, other bacteriums and Fungis may affect. Although Acanthamoeba spp. can do rare infection, they are responsible for sight- threatening keratitis, where cornea organ transplant is required in terrible instances. 2.1 Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba Keratitis It is frequently hard to name Acanthamoeba Keratitis because of the similarty diagnosing with viral and bacterial infections. It is diagnosed as followed methods: 2.1.1 Microscopic methods: The corneal scraping is the best method used to insulate Acanthamoeba and name Acanthamoeba Keratitis ( Karayianis, Genack et Al. 1988 ) . Next the scraping technique, samples can be smeared on glass slides and seen under light microscope. Whereas cysts and trophozoites are easy seen under negatron microscopy ( Mathers, Stevens et Al. 1987 ) . 2.1.2 Culture methods: A figure of surveies have found that corneal and conjuctival swabs are extensively non an appropriate for isolation Acanthamoeba ( Wright, Warhurst et Al. 1985 ) . On the other manus, other research workers identified the cysts and trophozoites in stained tissue subdivisions by the corneal scrapings and corneal biopsy specimens ( DAversa, Stern et Al. 1995 ) . Several surveies showed that Acanthamoeba has been cultured from contact lenses, lens instances and lens bactericidal solutions but showed at the same clip negative consequences when civilized corneal tissues ( Moore and McCulley 1989 ; Illingworth, Cook et Al. 1995 ) . In another major survey in cultural methods, substancial from a corneal scraping can be laid on to nonnutrient agar with E-coli or inoculate into liquid medium ( Kilvington, Larkin et Al. 1990 ) . 2.1.3 PCR techniques: In most recent methods, PCR work out to be amore sensitive diagnostic method than civilization and to corroborate the clinical diagnosing in civilization negative instances ( Lehmann, Green et Al. 1998 ) . The advantage of this check is that to cognize the subgroups of the Acanthamoeba ( Schroeder, Booton et al. 2001 ) . 2.2 Interaction between Acanthamoeba Keratitis and the Immune System ( Kremer, Cohen et al. 1994 ) in their animate beings experiment and in afew figure of human patients showed the function of the immune system in Amoebic Keratitis. The greater Numberss of inflammatory cell type s distinguished and environing Acanthamoeba trophozoites or cysts are macrophages and neutrophils. Sing to the observations of ( Martinez and Visvesvara 1997 ) , Acanthamoeba covers its antigens from cellular immune responses by agencies of that stamp downing macrophages maps or lymphocyte action. However, ( McCulley, Alizadeh et Al. 1995 ) , found that neutrophils are present in a batch of measure in Acanthamoeba Keratitis which ends with stromal mortification in chronic diseases due to peptidases released by ne*utrophils. In the experiments to kill Acanthamoeba cysts in vitro, involved both neutrophils and macrophages can straight kill cysts at a first line of defense mechanism against Acanthamoeba Keratitis ( Alizadeh, Apte et Al. 2001 ) . Macrophages kill the cysts by phagocytosis, neutrophils by the secernment of peptidases. 2.3 Treatment of Acanthamoeba Keratitis The topical applications of disinfectants which are a mixture of propamidine isothionate and fradicin or chlorhexidine are presently applied every 15-60 proceedingss for a hebdomad ( Marciano-Cabral and Cabral. 2003 ) . In contrast to curative regimens for Acanthamoeba keratitis, the intervention for GAE is non effectual however such therapy has been showed good consequence in surgery ( Seijo-Martinez et al. , 2000 ) . The standard therapy for Acanthamoeba keratitis in the UK, is a combination of biganide ( PHMB or chlorhexidine ) and diamidine ( propamidine or hexamidine ) applied hourly for the first two yearss, followed by hourly in the 3rd twenty-four hours and reduced to two hourly by twenty-four hours for the 3rd and 4th hebdomads and eventually maintained for single conditions ( Dart et al. , 2009 ) .Parallel to the backbreaking interventions, the latest disinfectant is preferred because it showed efficaciousness against both cysts and trophozoite phases. There is no challengi ng the fact that new effectual disinfectants are under researches ( Seal 2003 ) . 2.5 The relationship between the contact lenses wearers and Acanthamoeba Keratitis 2.4.1 Contact lenses Contact lenses are worn to better and rectify vision and on the other manus worn for decorative with the colouring lenses. Millions of people are have oning contact lenses and it has been estimated that contact lenses are worn by 1.65 million people in the UK ( Roberts, Kaye et Al. 2005 ) . The jobs related with have oning contact lenses is associated with the type of lens used soft, stiff or gas permeable and the cleansing systems used by the commercial disinfecting solutions. Owing to the erosion lenses straight on the cornea, the jobs range from minor jobs to severe loss of vision cased by microbic keratitis. 2.4.2 Contact lens wearers The adhesion of the Acanthamoeba to the surface of contact lens is the first measure in the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba Keratitis particularly in contact lens wearers. Contact lenses serve as an first-class transmittal and bringing of micro-organisms to the eye.There had been surveies proved that contact lens surfaces have high affinity to Acanthamoeba ( Ramachandran, Janakiraman et al. 1997 ) . There are several factors influence the ability of Acanthamoeba to adhere to reach lenses: I. The stuff, ionicity and H2O content of contact lens. The incidence of Acanthamoeba Keratitis is much higher in soft contact lenses, as compared with stiff types. Attachment of cysts and trophozoites was found to be higher for non-ionic instead than ionic disposable lenses ( Kelly and Xu 1995 ) and Simmons et al 1996 agreed with them in add-on to the suggestion to the content of soft contact lenses.. II. Acanthamoeba concentration and continuance of exposure. ( Sharma, Ramachandran et Al. 1995 ) In 1995, Sharma observed the immediate attachment of cyst and trophozoite to reach lenses which was 10 seconds after exposure. The higher H2O content particularly in disposable soft contact lenses explains the greater hazard of enduring from Acanthamoeba Keratitis in this type of lenses due to the satisfied clip of exposure for lenses to be loaded with Acanthamoeba. III. Lens surface sedimentations The presence of proteins sedimentations on the lens surface influence the fond regard of trophozoites and cysts. IV. Mechanical ways used in contact lens attention Phosphate buffered saline used in a station incubation wash decreased the figure of cysts and trophozoites adhesion, on the other manus, agitating showed no consequence on attachment ( Ramachandran, Janakiraman et al. 1997 ) . Most surveies agreed that a good wash extensively decreased the attachment of trophozoites and cysts to the contact lens surfaces ( Seal, Hay et Al. 1995 ; Sehgal, Saini et Al. 2002 ) . John, 1991, differed aggressively and suggested that rinsing had no consequence on Acanthamoeba phases. It has been suggested in recent surveies that multipurpose contact lens solutions that undergoes a manual hang-up regimens were more important in taking disciple slackly bound sedimentations ( Cho Pet Al, 2009 ) and microbes ( Kilvington and Lonnen 2009 ) from soft hydrogel lenses than rinsing or soaking entirely. V. Contact lenses germicide The contact lenses solutions categorized under the primary utilizations into cleansing, disinfecting, multipurpose, peroxide, enzyme cleaner/protein remover, rewetting ( beads ) and rinsing solutions. Multipurpose contact lens solutions are used daily and one of the most widely used groups because of the belongings to be a mixture of cleansing agent and bactericidal agents. What we know about the Acanthamoeba corneal infection is mostly based upon empirical surveies that investigate the susceptibleness of Acanthamoeba to soft contact lens disinfection system ( Ludwig, Meisler et Al. 1986 ) . In their major survey, the consequence of three heat and three cold soft contact lens disinfection systems were tested against Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga harmonizing to the maker s instructions. Furthermore to their survey, they showed that Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites and cysts are more susceptible to heat disinfection than cold disinfection system The one measure 3 % H peroxide and multipurpose solutions were tested to be deficient in killing Fungi, bacteriums and Acanthamoeba cysts or trophozoites ( Tzanetou, Miltsakakis et Al. 2006 ) . on the other manus, the multipurposesolutions were tested to be capable of cut downing the attachment of Acanthamoeba to reach lenses ( Borazjani and Kilvington 2005 ) . Opti-free which express the multipurpose solution and used to clean, rinse and soak soft contact lens showed grounds of cut downing the attachment of trophozoites and cysts ( Kilvington and Anger 2001 ) . Complete easy hang-up multipurpose solution was tested on silicone hydrogel lenses showed the cabability in taking Fungi, bacteriums and Acanthamoeba ( Kilvington and Lonnen 2009 ) . The International Organization for Standards under ISO 14729 and Test Methods for Products and Regimen for Hygienic Management of Contact Lenses showed two trials to measure the antimicrobic efficaciousness of a contact lens disinfection regimen ( ISO14729.Opthalmic optics, 2001 ) . The base entirely trial is the first trial done by cut downing the viability of bacteriums ( by3-log unit ) and fungi ( by 1-log unit ) within the maker contact clip recommended. The 2nd trial undergoes if the first failed to run into these criterions and is called the regimen trial. Removing and killing of micro-organisms inoculated on the contact lenses takes topographic point in the regimen trial ( ISO14729.Opthalmic optics, 2001 ) . The efficaciousness of new disinfectants against Acanthamoeba species where tested based on the decrease of Alamar Blue ( McBride, Ingram et Al. 2005 ) . Chlorhexidine is a widely used drug to handle Acanthamoeba keratitis and known to be a membrane-active agent and mark acidic phospholipids, with the presence of high concentration has the mechanism to suppress the ATP synthesis ( Maillard 2002 ) . McBride et Al ( 2005 ) compared the comparative susceptiblenesss of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga to chlorhexidine, as assessed by the alamar bluish check and manual numeration methods are shown in table 2. We can sum up the above consequences that Acanthamoeba castellanii is more susceptible to Octadecyl-PC and Hexadecyl-PC than Acanthamoeba polyphaga whereas no consequence of eldofosine had been shown in both strains. Both Hexadecyl-PC and Octadecyl-PC were every bit effectual against Acanthamoeba castellanii, but Octadecyl-PC showed less effectual than Hexadecyl-PC against Acanthamoeba polyphaga.There were surveies of scientists who subscribed to the position that examined the effects of a figure of phospholipid parallels alkylphosphocholines on Acanthamoeba species by a manual numeration ( refr22 ) . A recent survey by Kilvington and Lonnen ( 2009 ) compared assorted makers recommended regimens for their ability to take and antimicrobic efficaciousness against bacteriums, Fungis and Acanthamoeba from two types of silicone hydrogel lenses. Harmonizing to their major survey with proving four contact lens germicides to take and demobilize bacteriums, Fungis and Acanthamoeba from the contact lenses resulted in differences in efficaciousness between the contact lens disinfection when tested harmonizing the industry s recommended protocols. In decision, the hang-up and rinse regimen potentially the rubbing measure showed a good factor in taking beings from lens surface. Table 1 summarized the efficaciousness of the multipurpose solution in taking and demobilizing Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoite and cysts from contact lenses. With respect to the above summarizing tabular array, the undermentioned decisions may be drawn. The multipurpose solution Rinse A ; hang-up was the best method of demobilizing and taking the Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoite and cysts that shows satisfactory marks harmonizing to the ( ISO14729.Opthalmic optics, 2001 ) . It showed unsatisfactory when utilizing No hang-up, rinse and No hang-up, no rinse in both A.castellanii trophozoite and cysts compared to the Rinse A ; rub method but non with the Renu multipurpose solution against the trophozoite. 5 The purpose of the undertaking The undertaking aims to reply two inquiries. First, what is the anti- Acanthamoeba efficaciousness of commercial contact lens solutions when used as maker instructions? Second, is it possible to take Acanthamoeba from contact lenses? And it aims to prove and utilize additives such as glyphosate and step it s vacancy to barricade the shikimate tract. 7 Study program In this survey, the development of contact lenses assays with the used of alamar blue as a sensor will be designed. Determining the efficaciousness of contact lenses solutions to take Acanthamoeba will be tested. Then some of the an linear will be used such as glyphosate to halt the shikimate tracts and 3AT to barricade the histidine biogenesis tracts. I hope the experiments run in a proper mode and acquire consequences and decisions that answer the purpose of the undertaking and develop new disinfectant for Acanthamoeba Keratitis. 8 decisions The figure of contact lenses wearers are increasing an as a sequence Acanthamoeba Keratitis have been more frequently, which needs a fast public wellness development. To understate the hazard of Acanthamoeba Keratitis, needs patient s conformity and basic hygienic criterions ( Silvany, Dougherty et Al. 1990 ) . Acanthamoeba has the greater affinity to adhere to either corneal or lens wearers. The of import factors that may affect in the lens and Acanthamoeba keratitis are lens hygiene, lens attention solutions, have oning modes and the conformity of lens users. Mentions Alizadeh, H. , S. Apte, et Al. ( 2001 ) . Tear IgA and serum IgG antibodies against Acanthamoeba in patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis. Cornea 20 ( 6 ) : 622-7. Bacon, A. S. , D. G. Frazer, et Al. ( 1993 ) . A reappraisal of 72 back-to-back instances of Acanthamoeba keratitis, 1984-1992. Eye ( Lond ) 7 ( Pt 6 ) : 719-25. Borazjani, R. N. and S. Kilvington ( 2005 ) . Efficacy of multipurpose solutions against Acanthamoeba species. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 28 ( 4 ) : 169-75. Arbors, B. and E. D. Korn ( 1968 ) . The all right construction of Acanthamoeba castellanii. I. The trophozoite. J Cell Biol 39 ( 1 ) : 95-111. Arbors, B. and E. D. Korn ( 1969 ) . The all right construction of Acanthamoeba castellanii ( Neff strain ) . II. Encystment. J Cell Biol 41 ( 3 ) : 786-805. Byers, T. J. , R. A. Akins, et Al. ( 1980 ) . Rapid growing of Acanthamoeba in defined media ; initiation of encystment by glucose-acetate famishment. J Protozool 27 ( 2 ) : 216-9. Casper, T. , D. Basset, et Al. ( 1999 ) . Disseminated acanthamoeba infection in a patient with AIDS: response to 5-fluorocytosine therapy. Clin Infect Dis 29 ( 4 ) : 944-5. Castellani, A. ( 1930 ) . An ameba found in civilizations of a barm: preliminary notes. J.Trop.Med.Hyg. 33 ( 160 ) : 188-191 Chagla, A. H. and A. J. Griffiths ( 1974 ) . Growth and encystation of Acanthamoeba castellanii. J Gen Microbiol 85 ( 1 ) : 139-45. Cho P, Cheng SY, Chan WY, Yip WK. Soft contact lens cleansing: hang-up or no-rub? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2009 ; 29:49-57 Coggins, J. R. , K. Duncan, et Al. ( 1987 ) . The anatomy of a multifunctional enzyme. Biochem Soc Trans 15 ( 4 ) : 754-9. Cohen, E. J. , H. W. Buchanan, et Al. ( 1985 ) . Diagnosis and direction of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 100 ( 3 ) : 389-95. Culbertson, C. G. , P. W. Ensminger, et Al. ( 1966 ) . Hartmannella ( acanthamoeba ) . Experimental chronic, granulomatous encephalon infections produced by new isolates of low virulency. Am J Clin Pathol 46 ( 3 ) : 305-14. Culbertson, C. G. , J. W. Smith, et Al. ( 1959 ) . Experimental infection of mice and monkeys by Acanthamoeba. Am J Pathol 35 ( 1 ) : 185-97. Culbertson, C. G. , J. W. Smith, et Al. ( 1958 ) . Acanthamoeba: observations on carnal pathogenicity. Science 127 ( 3313 ) : 1506. DAversa, G. , G. A. Stern, et Al. ( 1995 ) . Diagnosis and successful medical intervention of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Arch Ophthalmol 113 ( 9 ) : 1120-3. Gonzalez-Robles, A. , A. Flores-Langarica, et Al. ( 2001 ) . Acanthamoeba castellanii: ultrastructure of trophozoites utilizing fast freeze-fixation followed by freeze-substitution. J Electron Microsc ( Tokyo ) 50 ( 5 ) : 423-7. Hunt, S. J. , S. L. Reed, et Al. ( 1995 ) . Cutaneous Acanthamoeba infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: response to multidrug therapy. Skin 56 ( 5 ) : 285-7. Illingworth, C. D. , S. D. Cook, et Al. ( 1995 ) . Acanthamoeba keratitis: hazard factors and result. Br J Ophthalmol 79 ( 12 ) : 1078-82. J ohn T. Interactions of bacteriums and ameba with optic biomaterials. Cells and Materials. 1991 ; 1:129-139. 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Kilvington, S. and J. Lonnen ( 2009 ) . A comparing of regimen methods for the remotion and inactivation of bacteriums, Fungis and Acanthamoeba from two types of silicone hydrogel lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 32 ( 2 ) : 73-7. Kremer, I. , E. J. Cohen, et Al. ( 1994 ) . Histopathologic rating of stromal redness in Acanthamoeba keratitis. Clao J 20 ( 1 ) : 45-8. Lehmann, O. J. , S. M. Green, et Al. ( 1998 ) . Polymerase concatenation reaction analysis of corneal epithelial and tear samples in the diagnosing of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39 ( 7 ) : 1261-5. Ludwig, I. H. , D. M. Meisler, et Al. ( 1986 ) . Susceptibility of Acanthamoeba to soft contact lens disinfection systems. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 27 ( 4 ) : 626-8. Maillard, J. Y. ( 2002 ) . Bacterial mark sites for biocide action. Symp Ser Soc Appl Microbiol ( 31 ) : 16S-27S. Marciano-Cabral, F. and G. Cabral ( 2003 ) . Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in worlds. Clin Microbiol Rev 16 ( 2 ) : 273-307. Martinez, A. J. and G. S. Visvesvara ( 1997 ) . Free-living, amphizoic and timeserving amoeba. Brain Pathol 7 ( 1 ) : 583-98. Mathers, W. , G. Stevens, Jr. , et Al. ( 1987 ) . Immunopathology and electron microscopy of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 103 ( 5 ) : 626-35. McBride, J. , P. R. Ingram, et Al. ( 2005 ) . Development of colorimetric microtiter home base check for appraisal of disinfectants against Acanthamoeba. J Clin Microbiol 43 ( 2 ) : 629-34. McCulley, J. P. , H. Alizadeh, et Al. ( 1995 ) . Acanthamoeba keratitis. Clao J 21 ( 1 ) : 73-6. Melia, B. , T. Islam, et Al. ( 2008 ) . Contact lens referrals to Hull Royal Infirmary Ophthalmic A A ; E Unit. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 31 ( 4 ) : 195-9. Moore, M. B. and J. P. McCulley ( 1989 ) . Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with contact lenses: six back-to-back instances of successful direction. Br J Ophthalmol 73 ( 4 ) : 271-5. Moore, M. B. , J. P. McCulley, et Al. ( 1985 ) . Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with soft contact lenses. Am J Ophthalmol 100 ( 3 ) : 396-403. Moura, H. , S. Wallace, and G. S. Visvesvara. 1992. Acanthamoeba healyi n. sp. and the isoenzyme and immunoblot profiles of Acanthamoeba spp. , groups 1 and 3. J. Protozool. 39:573-583. Naginton, J. , P. G. Watson, et Al. ( 1974 ) . Amoebic infection of the oculus. Lancet 2 ( 7896 ) : 1537-40. Page, F. C. ( 1967 ) . Re-definition of the genus Acanthamoeba with descriptions of three species. J Protozool 14 ( 4 ) : 709-24. Pussard, M. , and R. Pons. 1977. Morphologies de la paroi kystique et taxonomie du genre Acanthamoeba ( Protozoa, Amoebida ) . Protistologica13:557-610. Ramachandran, L. , D. Janakiraman, et Al. ( 1997 ) . Effect of clip and rinsing on the adhesion of Acanthamoeba to widen wear disposable hydrogel contact lenses. Clao J 23 ( 2 ) : 113-6. Ray, H. N. and P. C. Sen Gupta ( 1954 ) . A cytochemical survey of entamoeba histolytica. J Indian Med Assoc 23 ( 12 ) : 529-33. Roberts, A. , A. E. Kaye, et Al. ( 2005 ) . Informed consent and medical devices: the instance of the contact lens. Br J Ophthalmol 89 ( 6 ) : 782-3. Roberts, C. W. , F. Roberts, et Al. ( 2002 ) . The shikimate tract and its subdivisions in apicomplexan parasites. J Infect Dis 185 Suppl 1: S25-36. Roberts, F. , C. W. Roberts, et Al. ( 1998 ) . Evidence for the shikimate tract in apicomplexan parasites. Nature 393 ( 6687 ) : 801-5. Sawyer, T. K. , G. S. Visvesvara, and B. A. Harke. 1977. Infective ameba from brackish and ocean deposits, with a description of Acanthamoeba hatchetti, n. sp. Science 196:1324-1325. Sawyer, T. K. , and L. R. Buchanan. 1971. Contamination of tissue subdivisions of the American oyster by cysts of Acanthamoeba sp. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 18:300. Schaumberg, D. A. , K. K. Snow, et Al. ( 1998 ) . The epidemic of Acanthamoeba keratitis: where do we stand? Cornea 17 ( 1 ) : 3-10. Schroeder, J. M. , G. C. Booton, et Al. ( 2001 ) . Use of subgenic 18S ribosomal DNA PCR and sequencing for genus and genotype designation of acanthamoebae from worlds with keratitis and from sewerage sludge. J Clin Microbiol 39 ( 5 ) : 1903-11. Seal, D. V. ( 2003 ) . Acanthamoeba keratitis update-incidence, molecular epidemiology and new drugs for intervention. Eye 17 ( 8 ) : 893-905. Seal, D. V. , J. Hay, et Al. ( 1995 ) . Chlorhexidine or polyhexamethylene biguanide for acanthamoeba keratitis. Lancet 345 ( 8942 ) : 136. Sehgal, R. , J. Saini, et Al. ( 2002 ) . Acanthamoeba attachment to soft contact lens and human corneal stroma. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 45 ( 1 ) : 63-7. Sharma, S. , L. Ramachandran, et Al. ( 1995 ) . Adherence of cysts and trophozoites of Acanthamoeba to unworn stiff gas permeable and soft contact lenses. Clao J 21 ( 4 ) : 247-51. Silvany, R. E. , J. M. Dougherty, et Al. ( 1990 ) . The consequence of presently available contact lens disinfection systems on Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga. 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An Overview of Genetic Engineering essays Imagine a world full of 'mini Hitlers' seeking world domination, killing millions as their solution to establish a superior race or bunch or 2 headed humans eating a pig with 6 legs. These scenarios may sound like something out a science fiction novel, but this is the kind of things that people think about when they hear the words 'genetic engineering' Genetic engineering is now an important part of this world. It is used to cure diseases, develop food that grows faster and food that's healthier. Without genetic engineering, it will not be possible to feed the 10 billion humans expected by the year 2030. Only by using this new technology can we increase food production enough so that it is possible to feed this growing world. This can be done by producing plant varieties that are more precisely adapted to local conditions. This also helps poor farmers by reducing their expenses such as pesticides. In developing worlds, there are over 100 million children with vitamin A deficiency causing huge problems such as blindness. These people eat mainly rice and rice has no vitamin A. Right now the only way they can get enough vitamin A is by costly supplements that don't reach everyone. So scientists are genetically engineering rice so that it contains vitamin A, and this rice seed could be distributed to the poorest areas of the world, a brilliant and simple idea. So how can consumers live in the developed world benefit from plant biotechnology? Using modern biotechnology scientists have already produced food with improved flavor, food that is better for health and food with better qualities. Examples of these are apples and sweet corns that are insect resistant, frost resistant strawberries, and seedless grapes. One of the main reasons why people oppose genetic engineering is that they think biotechnology is an imprecise science and so it will likely to result in unanticipated outcomes and dangerous surprises. But did you know th...

Describing an essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Describing an - Essay Example This occurs in a case that there is grave danger facing an individual (Allyn 26). Mostly, when people experience fear, adrenalin kicks in allowing them to scamper extremely fast to safety. Arguably, no theory or ideology specifies on this reaction, but may be fear becomes the propellant for people to head to safer zones. However, fear is not anxiety as many would want to believe, but instead anxiety is a feeling of nervousness on an imminent event that is not necessarily associated to any form of danger. It is the uncertainty of the outcome of an event making it particularly different from fear. Therefore, the essence of this paper will be to describe a picture in relation to fear it evokes. Fear draws similar meaning to phobia, which was initially a Greek word. In essence, this gives meaning to the various forms of fear that are in existence. Incidentally, phobia is more clinical than fear as its use is in identifying and naming the fear that an individual has in order for them to a ccess treatment. For instance, the fear of water is aqua phobia while the fear of small spaces makes one to claustrophobic. Additionally, there is also the fear of death termed as Thanatobia and coulrophobia, which is the abnormal fear of clowns. These are just a few examples of existing fears, as the list is endless. However, there is no specific name given to the fear of scary looking faces, but the other fear closely related to coulrophobia is mask phobia that is the fear of masks. As per the picture, the woman in it appears one who provokes fear to anyone who views the picture for the first time. She appears to be a woman who has seen her fair share of unfortunate events in her life. For instance, the eyes are the windows to the soul hence hers appears evil and dark. Her eyes are not appealing although their color is unique. From another angle, she appears, as though she has evil spirits within her that makes fearful to associate with them. According to fictitious narratives, th ose possessed by evil spirits tend to camouflage their eyes to evoke fear among their viewers. Usually, a ray of light appears from their eyes that sometimes produces flames of fire. This is to mean that the eyes can reflect the nature of an individual and the availability of supernatural powers. Anyone who would meet her would fear having any form of confrontations with her because of her appearance. On the other hand, this woman’s face depicts suffering and the way of life subjected to her. It appears as though she has learnt not to trust anyone hence portraying the anger and rage that dwell within her. Essentially, the tormenting experiences that people go through make them build invisible walls around themselves due to the fear of going through the same experience again. Ideally, this woman might have experienced civil war and human suffering first hand. This experience appears to have hardened her in to not having a welcoming smile. Her face depicts distrust and a sharp contrast of a contented woman. Tentatively, the events in the lives of people reflect on their skin as a smooth skin, especially on the face, reflects a smooth life. In contrast, this woman’s face is rough and neglected. This means that she does not pay attention to detailed beauty to her facial appearance. Sequentially, her facial impressions make her the modest and rural kind of woman. This is mainly